Dr Emma Lucas

PhD, MMedSci, BSc (Hons)

School of Medicine and Population Health

Lecturer in Reproductive Medicine

Dr Emma Lucas
Dr Emma Lucas
Profile picture of Dr Emma Lucas
e.s.lucas@sheffield.ac.uk
+44 114 215 9044

Full contact details

Dr Emma Lucas
School of Medicine and Population Health
Room EU23, E Floor
The Medical School
Beech Hill Road
Sheffield
S10 2RX
Profile

For enquiries please contact - SMPH-West-Operational@sheffield.ac.uk

I studied undergraduate Human Biology (Loughborough University, UK) followed by a Masters degree in Assisted Reproduction Technology (University of Nottingham, UK) before obtaining my PhD from the University of Nottingham, UK. I undertook Postdoctoral positions at the University of Southampton, looking at the role of maternal environment on offspring development and long-term health, and then at the University of Warwick, where I investigated the role of the endometrium in recurrent miscarriage. I joined the University of Sheffield in October 2023 as Lecturer in Reproductive Medicine.

Qualifications
  • Human Biology, BSc (Hons) – Loughborough University, UK
  • Assisted Reproduction Technology, MMedSci (Distinction) – University of Nottingham, UK
  • PhD Obstetrics and Gynaecology – University of Nottingham, UK
Research interests

We are interested in the function of the endometrium, particularly around the time of embryo implantation, in determining pregnancy outcomes. We study the role of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on endometrial function and in reproductive dysfunction to identify the impact these have on interactions with the embryo, establishment of the placenta and the short- and long-term implications for offspring health.

Publications

Show: Featured publications All publications

Journal articles

  • Bortoletto P, Lucas ES, Melo P, Gallos ID, Devall AJ, Bourne T, Quenby S, Bennett PR, Coomarasamy A & Brosens JJ (2022) . eBioMedicine, 81, 104134-104134.
  • Quenby S, Gallos ID, Dhillon-Smith RK, Podesek M, Stephenson MD, Fisher J, Brosens JJ, Brewin J, Ramhorst R, Lucas ES , McCoy RC et al (2021) . The Lancet, 397(10285), 1658-1667.
  • Tewary S, Lucas ES, Fujihara R, Kimani PK, Polanco A, Brighton PJ, Muter J, Fishwick KJ, Da Costa MJMD, Ewington LJ , Lacey L et al (2020) . EBioMedicine, 51, 102597-102597.
  • Denisenko O, Lucas ES, Sun C, Watkins AJ, Mar D, Bomsztyk K & Fleming TP (2016) . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms, 1859(7), 906-913.
  • Lucas ES, Dyer NP, Murakami K, Hou Lee Y, Chan Y-W, Grimaldi G, Muter J, Brighton PJ, Moore JD, Patel G , Chan JKY et al (2016) . Stem Cells, 34(2), 346-356.
  • Murakami K, Lee YH, Lucas ES, Chan Y-W, Durairaj RP, Takeda S, Moore JD, Tan BK, Quenby S, Chan JKY , Gargett CE et al (2014) . Endocrinology, 155(11), 4542-4553.
  • Watkins AJ, Lucas ES, Torrens C, Cleal JK, Green L, Osmond C, Eckert JJ, Gray WP, Hanson MA & Fleming TP (2010) . British Journal of Nutrition, 103(12), 1762-1770.
  • Steele W, Allegrucci C, Singh R, Lucas E, Priddle H, Denning C, Sinclair K & Young L (2005) . Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 10(6), 755-766.
  • Rawlings TM, Makwana K, Taylor DM, Molè MA, Fishwick KJ, Tryfonos M, Odendaal J, Hawkes A, Zernicka-Goetz M, Hartshorne GM , Brosens JJ et al () . eLife, 10.
  • Lucas ES, Vrljicak P, Muter J, Diniz-da-Costa MM, Brighton PJ, Kong C-S, Lipecki J, Fishwick KJ, Odendaal J, Ewington LJ , Quenby S et al () . Communications Biology, 3(1).
  • Brighton PJ, Maruyama Y, Fishwick K, Vrljicak P, Tewary S, Fujihara R, Muter J, Lucas ES, Yamada T, Woods L , Lucciola R et al () . eLife, 6.

Preprints

  • Kong C-S, Ordoñez AA, Turner S, Tremaine T, Muter J, Lucas ES, Salisbury E, Vassena R, Fouladi-Nashta AA, Tiscornia G , Hartshorne G et al (2020) , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.

All publications

Journal articles

  • Muter J, Kong C-S, Nebot MT, Tryfonos M, Vrljicak P, Brighton PJ, Dimakou DB, Vickers M, Yoshihara H, Ott S , Tan BK et al (2025) . Science Advances, 11(26).
  • Fernández L, Kong C-S, Alkhoury M, Tryfonos M, Brighton PJ, Rawlings TM, Muter J, Gori MS, Leirós CP, Lucas ES , Brosens JJ et al (2024) . Scientific Reports, 14.
  • Brighton PJ, Walker AR, Mann O, Kong C-S, Lucas ES, Vrljicak P, Brosens JJ & Hanyaloglu AC (2024) . iScience, 27(11), 111170-111170.
  • Fernández L, Kong C-S, Tryfonos M, Brighton PJ, Rawlings TM, Gori MS, Leirós CP, Lucas ES, Brosens JJ & Ramhorst R (2024) . Placenta, 153, e35-e35.
  • Vrljicak P, Lucas ES, Tryfonos M, Muter J, Ott S & Brosens JJ (2023) . Cell Reports, 42(12).
  • Lucas E, Rawlings T, Muter J, Kong C-S, Ott S, Vrljicak P & Brosens J (2023) . Placenta, 140, e3-e4.
  • Tryfonos M, Rawlings T, Kong CS, Lucas E & Brosens J (2023) . Human Reproduction, 38(Supplement_1).
  • Hume L, Edge JC, Tinning H, Wang D, Taylor AS, Ovchinnikov V, Geijer-Simpson AV, Vrljicak P, Brosens JJ, Lucas ES , Simpson NAB et al (2023) . iScience, 26(4), 106339-106339.
  • Mitchell A, Lipecki J, Muter J, Lucas E, Makwana K, Fishwick K, Odendaal J, Hawkes A, Vrljicak P, Brosens J & Ott S (2022) . Human Reproduction, 37(Supplement_1).
  • Harden S, Muter J, Chen Q, Lee YH, Brosens J & Lucas E (2022) . Human Reproduction, 37(Supplement_1).
  • Kong CS, Muter J, Fishwick K, Brighton P, Lucas ES, Joshua O, Hawkes A, Quenby S & Brosens JJ (2022) . Human Reproduction, 37(Supplement_1).
  • Bortoletto P, Lucas ES, Melo P, Gallos ID, Devall AJ, Bourne T, Quenby S, Bennett PR, Coomarasamy A & Brosens JJ (2022) . eBioMedicine, 81, 104134-104134.
  • Mann ON, Kong C-S, Lucas ES, Brosens JJ, Hanyaloglu AC & Brighton PJ (2022) . Scientific Reports, 12(1).
  • Brosens JJ, Bennett PR, Abrahams VM, Ramhorst R, Coomarasamy A, Quenby S, Lucas ES & McCoy RC (2022) . Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, 131, 14-24.
  • Lipecki J, Mitchell AE, Muter J, Lucas ES, Makwana K, Fishwick K, Odendaal J, Hawkes A, Vrljicak P, Brosens JJ & Ott S (2022) . Human Reproduction, 37(4), 747-761.
  • Rawlings TM, Makwana K, Tryfonos M & Lucas ES (2021) . Reproduction and Fertility, 2(3), R85-R101.
  • Quenby S, Gallos ID, Dhillon-Smith RK, Podesek M, Stephenson MD, Fisher J, Brosens JJ, Brewin J, Ramhorst R, Lucas ES , McCoy RC et al (2021) . The Lancet, 397(10285), 1658-1667.
  • Diniz-da-Costa M, Kong C-S, Fishwick KJ, Rawlings T, Brighton PJ, Hawkes A, Odendaal J, Quenby S, Ott S, Lucas ES , Vrljicak P et al (2021) . Stem Cells, 39(8), 1067-1080.
  • Kong C, Ordoñez AA, Turner S, Tremaine T, Muter J, Lucas ES, Salisbury E, Vassena R, Tiscornia G, Fouladi‐Nashta AA , Hartshorne G et al (2021) . The FASEB Journal, 35(4).
  • Lanham SA, Smith SJ, Watkins AJ, Lucas ES, MacCaoilte N, Oreffo ROC, Fleming TP & Eckert JJ (2021) . Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 12(3), 384-395.
  • Tewary S, Lucas ES, Fujihara R, Kimani PK, Polanco A, Brighton PJ, Muter J, Fishwick KJ, Da Costa MJMD, Ewington LJ , Lacey L et al (2020) . EBioMedicine, 51, 102597-102597.
  • Rich-Griffin C, Stechemesser A, Finch J, Lucas E, Ott S & Schäfer P (2020) . Trends in Plant Science, 25(2), 186-197.
  • Vrljicak P, Lucas ES, Lansdowne L, Lucciola R, Muter J, Dyer NP, Brosens JJ & Ott S (2018) . The FASEB Journal, 32(5), 2467-2477.
  • Lucas ES & Watkins AJ (2017) , 137-154.
  • Peter Durairaj RR, Aberkane A, Polanski L, Maruyama Y, Baumgarten M, Lucas ES, Quenby S, Chan JKY, Raine-Fenning N, Brosens JJ , Van de Velde H et al (2017) . MHR: Basic science of reproductive medicine, 23(8), 582-582.
  • Peter Durairaj RR, Aberkane A, Polanski L, Maruyama Y, Baumgarten M, Lucas ES, Quenby S, Chan JKY, Raine-Fenning N, Brosens JJ , Van de Velde H et al (2017) . MHR: Basic science of reproductive medicine, 23(7), 478-487.
  • Lucas ES, Dyer NP, Fishwick K, Ott S & Brosens JJ (2016) . Reproduction, 152(5), R159-R166.
  • Muter J, Brighton PJ, Lucas ES, Lacey L, Shmygol A, Quenby S, Blanks AM & Brosens JJ (2016) . Endocrinology, 157(7), 2883-2893.
  • Denisenko O, Lucas ES, Sun C, Watkins AJ, Mar D, Bomsztyk K & Fleming TP (2016) . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms, 1859(7), 906-913.
  • Lucas ES, Dyer NP, Murakami K, Hou Lee Y, Chan Y-W, Grimaldi G, Muter J, Brighton PJ, Moore JD, Patel G , Chan JKY et al (2016) . Stem Cells, 34(2), 346-356.
  • Watkins AJ, Lucas ES, Marfy-Smith S, Bates N, Kimber SJ & Fleming TP (2015) . REPRODUCTION, 149(6), 563-575.
  • Sun C, Denisenko O, Sheth B, Cox A, Lucas ES, Smyth NR & Fleming TP (2015) . BMC Developmental Biology, 15(1).
  • Muter J, Lucas ES, Chan Y, Brighton PJ, Moore JD, Lacey L, Quenby S, Lam EW & Brosens JJ (2015) . The FASEB Journal, 29(4), 1603-1614.
  • Murakami K, Lee YH, Lucas ES, Chan Y-W, Durairaj RP, Takeda S, Moore JD, Tan BK, Quenby S, Chan JKY , Gargett CE et al (2014) . Endocrinology, 155(11), 4542-4553.
  • Lucas ES, Salker MS & Brosens JJ (2013) . Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 27(6), 664-672.
  • Kuroda K, Venkatakrishnan R, James S, Šućurović S, Mulac-Jericevic B, Lucas ES, Takeda S, Shmygol A, Brosens JJ & Quenby S (2013) . The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 98(11), 4429-4437.
  • Brosens JJ, Blanks AM & Lucas ES (2013) . Nature Medicine, 19(8), 968-969.
  • Lucas ES, Salker MS & Brosens JJ (2013) . Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 27(5), 506-514.
  • Lucas E (2013) . Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 27(5), 477-485.
  • Kuroda K, Venkatakrishnan R, Salker MS, Lucas ES, Shaheen F, Kuroda M, Blanks A, Christian M, Quenby S & Brosens JJ (2013) . Molecular Endocrinology, 27(2), 192-202.
  • Fleming TP, Velazquez MA, Eckert JJ, Lucas ES & Watkins AJ (2012) . Animal Reproduction Science, 130(3-4), 193-197.
  • Fleming TP, Lucas ES, Watkins AJ & Eckert JJ (2012) . Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 24(1), 35-35.
  • Lucas ES, Watkins AJ, Cox AL, Marfy-Smith SJ, Smyth N & Fleming TP (2011) . Theriogenology, 76(3), 558-569.
  • Watkins AJ, Lucas ES, Torrens C, Cleal JK, Green L, Osmond C, Eckert JJ, Gray WP, Hanson MA & Fleming TP (2010) . British Journal of Nutrition, 103(12), 1762-1770.
  • Watkins AJ, Lucas ES & Fleming TP (2010) . Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 1(2), 87-95.
  • Lucas ES, Finn SL, Cox A, Lock FR & Watkins AJ (2009) . The Journal of Physiology, 587(14), 3425-3426.
  • Thurston A, Lucas ES, Allegrucci C, Steele W & Young LE (2007) . Theriogenology, 68, S98-S106.
  • Allegrucci C, Thurston A, Lucas E & Young L (2005) . Reproduction, 129(2), 137-149.
  • Steele W, Allegrucci C, Singh R, Lucas E, Priddle H, Denning C, Sinclair K & Young L (2005) . Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 10(6), 755-766.
  • Rawlings TM, Makwana K, Taylor DM, Molè MA, Fishwick KJ, Tryfonos M, Odendaal J, Hawkes A, Zernicka-Goetz M, Hartshorne GM , Brosens JJ et al () . eLife, 10.
  • Harden SL, Zhou J, Gharanei S, Diniz-da-Costa M, Lucas ES, Cui L, Murakami K, Fang J, Chen Q, Brosens JJ & Lee YH () . Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 9.
  • Gharanei S, Fishwick K, Peter Durairaj R, Jin T, Siamantouras E, Liu K-K, Straube A, Lucas ES, Weston CJ, Rantakari P , Salmi M et al () . Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 8.
  • Lucas ES, Vrljicak P, Muter J, Diniz-da-Costa MM, Brighton PJ, Kong C-S, Lipecki J, Fishwick KJ, Odendaal J, Ewington LJ , Quenby S et al () . Communications Biology, 3(1).
  • Brighton PJ, Maruyama Y, Fishwick K, Vrljicak P, Tewary S, Fujihara R, Muter J, Lucas ES, Yamada T, Woods L , Lucciola R et al () . eLife, 6.
  • Brosens JJ, Salker MS, Teklenburg G, Nautiyal J, Salter S, Lucas ES, Steel JH, Christian M, Chan Y-W, Boomsma CM , Moore JD et al () . Scientific Reports, 4(1).
  • Murakami K, Bhandari H, Lucas ES, Takeda S, Gargett CE, Quenby S, Brosens JJ & Tan BK () . PLoS ONE, 8(12), e82582-e82582.
  • Salker MS, Nautiyal J, Steel JH, Webster Z, Šućurović S, Nicou M, Singh Y, Lucas ES, Murakami K, Chan Y-W , James S et al () . PLoS ONE, 7(12), e52252-e52252.
  • Watkins AJ, Lucas ES, Wilkins A, Cagampang FRA & Fleming TP () . PLoS ONE, 6(12), e28745-e28745.

Book chapters

  • Lucas E & Macklon NS (2025) , Early Pregnancy (pp. 32-42). Cambridge University Press
  • Rawlings TM, Tryfonos M, Makwana K, Taylor DM, Brosens JJ & Lucas ES (2023) , Methods in Molecular Biology (pp. 63-74). Springer US

Conference proceedings

  • Rawlings TM, Scott JN, Tryfonos M, Garcia-Milian R, Brosens JJ, Lucas ES & Tong M (2024) Activation of Toll-Like Receptor 3 Inhibits Endometrial DNA Repair with Negative Consequences for Subsequent Pregnancy.. REPRODUCTIVE SCIENCES, Vol. 31 (pp 185A-186A)
  • Tryfonos M, Rawlings T, Kong CS, Lucas E & Brosens J (2023) Modelling the impact of acute and chronic decidual senescence on endometrial stemness in 3D assembloids. HUMAN REPRODUCTION, Vol. 38
  • Hamshaw I, Stark R, Alam MT, Lucas ES, Ferguson GD & Hamshaw I (2023) The role of PGF in the development of labour and how FP antagonists could prevent preterm birth. BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY, Vol. 180(4) (pp 507-508)
  • Kong CS, Muter J, Fishwick K, Brighton P, Lucas ES, Joshua O, Hawkes A, Quenby S & Brosens JJ (2022) Immune deficiency and endometrial dyshomeostasis in recurrent miscarriages. HUMAN REPRODUCTION, Vol. 37 (pp I179-I179)
  • Harden S, Muter J, Chen Q, Lee YH, Brosens J & Lucas E (2022) Lower expression of AHCY is associated with increased miscarriage risk. HUMAN REPRODUCTION, Vol. 37 (pp I180-I180)
  • Mitchell A, Lipecki J, Muter J, Lucas E, Makwana K, Fishwick K, Odendaal J, Hawkes A, Vrljicak P, Brosens J & Ott S (2022) EndoTime: Non-categorical timing estimates for luteal endometrium. HUMAN REPRODUCTION, Vol. 37 (pp I397-I397)
  • Odendaal J, Fishwick K, Hussain Q, Thornton J, Larsen K, Vrljicak P, Lucas E, Brosens JJ & Quenby S (2020) The importance of timing in detection of asymptomatic CD138 diagnosed chronic endometritis. HUMAN REPRODUCTION, Vol. 35 (pp I285-I285)
  • Lucas ES, Vrljicak P, Muter J, Diniz-da-Costa M, Ott S & Brosens JJ (2019) Aberrant Specification of Endometrial Stromal Cells into Distinct Decidual Subpopulations in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss.. REPRODUCTIVE SCIENCES, Vol. 26 (pp 198A-198A)
  • Tewary S, Lucas E, Ewington L, Polanco A, Kimani P, Brosens J & Quenby S (2019) Pre-conception sitagliptin increases endometrial clonogenicity in women with recurrent pregnancy loss. A double blind randomised placebo controlled trial. BJOG-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY, Vol. 126(6) (pp E136-E136)
  • Tewary S, Lucas E, Ewington L, Polanco A, Kimani P, Brosens J & Quenby S (2019) Pre-Conception Sitagliptin Increases Endometrial Clonogenicity in Women with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. A Double Blind Randomised Placebo Controlled Trial.. REPRODUCTIVE SCIENCES, Vol. 26 (pp 294A-294A)
  • da Costa MMD, Lucas ES, Vrljicak P, Kong CS, Fishwick K, Ott S & Brosens JJ (2019) High-Throughput Single-Cell RNA-Seq Analysis of the Mid-Luteal Human Endometrium.. REPRODUCTIVE SCIENCES, Vol. 26 (pp 378A-378A)
  • Pounds R, Lucas E, Vrljicak P, Lipecki J, Brosens J, Kehoe S, Dawson C, Ott S & Yap J (2018) The use of a novel single-cell sequencing technology, Drop-Seq, to unravel tumour heterogeneity and identify potential chemoresistant cells in high-grade serous ovarian cancer. BJOG-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY, Vol. 125(8) (pp E38-E38)
  • Lucciola R, Vrljicak P, Lucas ES, Lansdowne L, Dyer N, Ott S & Brosens JJ (2018) Analysis of the Dynamic Changes in Chromatin Accessibility in Decidualizing Human Endometrial Stromal Cells.. REPRODUCTIVE SCIENCES, Vol. 25 (pp 96A-97A)
  • Muter J, Lucas E, Chan Y-W, Brighton P, Quenby S & Brosens J (2015) PER2 Synchronizes Mitotic Transition and Decidual Transformation of Human Endometrial Stromal Cells. REPRODUCTIVE SCIENCES, Vol. 22 (pp 82A-83A)
  • Lanham SA, Lock FR, Lucas ES, Watkins AJ, Fleming TP, Oreffo ROC & Harding S (2012) MATERNAL DIET ALTERS FETAL BONE DEVELOPMENT. OSTEOPOROSIS INTERNATIONAL, Vol. 23 (pp S605-S606)

Preprints

  • Smith W, Edge JC, Tinning H, Butt Z, Deligianni F, Morales C, Muter J, Brosens J, Mascarenhas M, Bhandari H , O'Connell MJ et al (2025) , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
  • Muter J, Kong C-S, Nebot MT, Tryfonos M, Vrljicak P, Brighton PJ, Dimakou DB, Vickers M, Yoshihara H, Ott S , Tan BK et al (2024) , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
  • Brighton PJ, Walker AR, Mann O, Kong C-S, Lucas ES, Vrljicak P, Brosens JJ & Hanyaloglu AC (2024) , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
  • Vrljicak P, Lucas ES, Tryfonos M, Muter J, Ott S & Brosens JJ (2023) , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
  • Hume L, Edge JC, Tinning H, Wang D, Taylor AS, Ovchinnikov V, Geijer-Simpson A, Vrljicak P, Brosens JJ, Lucas ES , Simson NAB et al (2022) , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
  • Mann ON, Kong C-S, Lucas ES, Brosens JJ, Hanyaloglu AC & Brighton PJ (2022) , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
  • Lipecki J, Mitchell AE, Muter J, Lucas ES, Makwana K, Fishwick K, Odendaal J, Hawkes A, Vrljicak P, Brosens JJ & Ott S (2021) , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
  • Rawlings TM, Makwana K, Taylor DM, Molè MA, Fishwick KJ, Tryfonos M, Odendaal J, Hawkes A, Zernicka-Goetz M, Hartshorne GM , Brosens JJ et al (2021) , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
  • Diniz-da-Costa M, Kong C-S, Fishwick KJ, Rawlings T, Brighton PJ, Hawkes A, Odendaal J, Quenby S, Ott S, Lucas ES , Vrljicak P et al (2020) , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
  • Kong C-S, Ordoñez AA, Turner S, Tremaine T, Muter J, Lucas ES, Salisbury E, Vassena R, Fouladi-Nashta AA, Tiscornia G , Hartshorne G et al (2020) , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
  • Harden S, Zhou J, Diniz-da-Costa M, Lucas ES, Cui L, Murakami K, Fang J, Chen Q, Brosens JJ & Lee YH (2020) , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
  • Lucas ES, Vrljicak P, Muter J, Diniz-da-Costa MM, Brighton PJ, Kong C-S, Lipecki J, Fishwick K, Odendaal J, Ewington LJ , Quenby S et al (2018) , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
  • Brighton PJ, Maruyama Y, Fishwick K, Vrljicak P, Tewary S, Fujihara R, Muter J, Lucas ES, Yamada T, Woods L , Lucciola R et al (2017) , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
  • Tewary S, Lucas ES, Fujihara R, Kimani PK, Polanco A, Brighton PJ, Muter J, Fishwick KJ, Diniz Da Costa MJM, Ewington LJ , Lacey L et al () .
Teaching activities

I teach on the MSc in Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, contributing to several taught modules as well supervising Research Projects.

Professional activities and memberships
  • Associate Editor for the journal Molecular Human Reproduction (2022- )
  • Member of Council for the Society for Reproduction and Fertility (SRF) and member of the Finance and Journals Committees (2021- )
  • External reviewer for several international journals in reproductive and developmental biology