Professor Robert Poole

School of Biosciences

Emeritus Professor of Microbiology

Robert Poole
Profile picture of Robert Poole
r.poole@sheffield.ac.uk
+44 114 222 4447
Firth Court

Full contact details

Professor Robert Poole
School of Biosciences
Firth Court
Western Bank
Sheffield
S10 2TN
Profile

Career history

  • 1996 - 2020: West Riding Chair of Microbiology, The University of Sheffield
  • 1997 - 2008: Director of Research, Biological Sciences, The University of Sheffield
  • 1994: Fulbright Scholar, Cornell University
  • 1993: Visiting Fellow, Australian National University, Canberra
  • 1990 -1991: Royal Society-Leverhulme Trust Senior Research Fellow (KCL)
  • 1988 -1996: Personal Chair of Microbiology (KCL)
  • 1988: Head of Department, Queen Elizabeth College
  • 1986-1988: Reader in Microbiology, University of London
  • 1984-1985: Royal Society Anglo-Australian Fellow, Australian National University, Canberra
  • 1980-1981: Nuffield Foundation Science Research Fellow, Queen Elizabeth College, London
  • 1984: DSc, University of Wales
  • 1975 -1985: Lecturer, Department of Microbiology, Queen Elizabeth College, London (now King’s College London, KCL)
  • 1973 -1974: Personal SRC Post-doctoral Research Fellowship, Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Institute, The University, Dundee
  • 1967 -1973: BSc (First Class Hons.), Department of Microbiology, University College Cardiff; PhD, Department of Microbiology, University College Cardiff
Qualifications

Honours and distinctions

  • 2008 - present: Editorial Board, Journal of Biological Chemistry
  • 2007: FRSC, Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry
  • 1994 - present: Sole Editor Advances in Microbial Physiology
  • 1994: Fulbright Scholar, Cornell University, USA
  • 1993: Visiting Fellow, Australian National University, Canberra
  • 1990 - 1991: Royal Society-Leverhulme Trust Senior Research Fellow (KCL)
  • 1985: FRSB, Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology
Research interests

Functions and biogenesis of bacterial terminal oxidases, their reactivity with small gaseous ligands and the first evidence that a specific oxidase contributes to nitric oxide tolerance and aerotolerant nitrogen fixation.

Poole’s laboratory was the first to identify correctly the nature of spectrally distinct forms of the alternative E. coli oxidase (cytochrome bd). He also showed the unique functional capabilities of this oxidase, including its remarkably high affinity for oxygen and its role in protecting E. coli from nitric oxide.

In the aerobic diazotroph Azotobacter vinelandii, his group demonstrated the critical role of this oxidase in aerotolerant nitrogen fixation in the process known as respiratory protection. This advanced our understanding of the cytochrome bd-type oxidase by demonstrating that its assembly requires a membrane transport complex, CydDC, the first bacterial example of a heterodimeric ABC (ATP-Binding Cassette) transporter homologous to the cystic fibrosis chloride channel (CFTR).

He subsequently demonstrated that it exports cysteine and glutathione to the bacterial periplasm and its importance for maintaining the redox environment required for cytochrome assembly in the periplasm.

Discovery of the first flavohaemoglobin gene in any organism, regulation by nitric oxide and pioneering studies of the roles of bacterial haemoglobins in resisting nitric oxide.

In 1991, Poole discovered the flavohaemoglobin gene (hmp) of Escherichia coli, the first to be identified. New understanding of the roles of bacterial haemoglobins was gained by the discovery that the hmp gene was up-regulated by nitric oxide (NO).

His group showed that flavohaemoglobin expression represents an adaptive response to the toxic NO generated by macrophage NO synthase and described in detail the reaction of Hmp with oxygen and NO at a peroxidase-like active site. They demonstrated genetically and biochemically that Hmp is required for detoxification of NO both in vitro and within human macrophages.

More recently, the flavohaemoglobins of E. coli and Salmonella (and the functionally analogous NO reductase of Neisseria meningitidis) were shown to diminish, via removal of NO, the NO-dependent formation of S-nitrosothiols in macrophages. This led to detailed investigations of transcriptional regulation, which revealed unexpected complexity and showed that the oxygen-sensing Fnr protein also senses NO, with important consequences for global gene regulation.

The chemistries of S-nitrosoglutathione and NO suggest that they should exert distinct biological effects: only the former readily transnitrosates thiols, such as homocysteine.

These distinctive metabolic consequences were probed using microarray analyses of chemostat-grown cells, which confirmed that S-nitrosoglutathione, but not NO, nitrosates cellular targets, whereas NO targets metalloproteins, including Fnr and other metal-containing transcription factors. We are currently interested in the interactions between NO, oxygen and antibiotics.

Comprehensive systems biology approaches to a new understanding of the energy metabolism of a model organism, Escherichia coli.

When oxygen is available, Escherichia coli switches to aerobic respiration to achieve redox balance and optimal energy conservation by proton translocation linked to electron transfer. The switch between fermentative and aerobic respiratory growth is driven by extensive changes in gene expression and protein synthesis, resulting in global changes in metabolic fluxes and metabolite concentrations.

This oxygen response is determined by the interaction of global and local genetic regulatory mechanisms, as well as by enzymatic regulation. A systems-level understanding of the oxygen response of E. coli requires the integrated interpretation of experimental data that are pertinent to the multiple levels of organisation that mediate the response.

In the pan-European venture Systems Biology of Microorganisms (SysMO) and specifically within the project Systems Understanding of Microbial Oxygen Metabolism (SUMO), regulator activities, gene expression, metabolite levels and metabolic flux datasets were obtained using a standardised and reproducible chemostat-based experimental system. These different types and qualities of data were integrated using mathematical models.

We revealed a much more detailed picture of the aerobic-anaerobic response, especially for the environmentally critical microaerobic range that is located between unlimited oxygen availability and anaerobiosis.

Carbon monoxide binding to haem proteins to understand oxidases in vivo and the physiological, pathological and antibacterial consequences of bacterial exposure to carbon monoxide-releasing compounds.

In biology and medicine, carbon monoxide (CO) is now recognised as a second, vital signaling molecule (or ‘gasotransmitter’), implicated as a neurotransmitter and in diverse cytoprotective roles. The mode(s) of action of CO remains unclear, mainly due to the difficulty of delivering and manipulating CO in biological systems.

The distribution of CO in therapy is difficult to tune, while application to localised sites, e.g. of microbial infection, is virtually impossible. Therefore, Poole’s group has started to evaluate CO-Releasing Molecules (CORMs, transition metal carbonyl complexes) as easy-to-handle molecular storage and carrier systems for CO.

Its antibacterial activities are described in recent papers that show that CO generated from CORM-3 [Ru(CO)3Cl(glycinate)] is an effective antibacterial agent and exerts global effects on gene expression in E. coli. CORM-3 has been shown also to be an effective antibacterial agent against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and decreased bacterial counts in the spleen, increasing survival in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice following P. aeruginosa bacteraemia.

Current work focuses on novel light-activated CORMs and ruthenium complexes with potential as antimicrobials.

First evidence for the selective action of a gasotransmitter – hydrogen sulphide – on bacterial respiratory systems.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) impairs mitochondrial respiration by potently inhibiting cytochrome c oxidase. Since many prokaryotes, including Escherichia coli, generate H2S and encounter high H2S levels particularly in the human gut, we tested whether bacteria can sustain sulfide-resistant O2-dependent respiration. E. coli has three respiratory oxidases, the cyanide-sensitive heme-copper bo3 enzyme and two bd oxidases much less sensitive to cyanide.

Working on the isolated enzymes, we found that, whereas the bo3 oxidase is potently inhibited by sulfide, both bd oxidases are insensitive to sulfide up to 58 μM. In E. coli respiratory mutants, both O2-consumption and aerobic growth proved to be severely impaired by sulfide when respiration was sustained by the bo3 oxidase alone, but unaffected by ≤ 200 μM sulfide when either bd enzyme acted as the only terminal oxidase.

Accordingly, wild-type E. coli showed sulfide-insensitive respiration and growth under O2-limiting conditions favouring the expression of bd oxidases. Sulfide and cyanide affected bacterial cell respiration equally, causing either no effect or identical inhibition, depending on the tested strain and growth conditions. Thus cytochrome bd oxidases promote sulfide-resistant O2-consumption and growth in E. coli and possibly other bacteria.

Publications

Journal articles

  • Betts JW, Cawthraw S, Smyth JA, Poole RK, Roth P, Schatzschneider U & La Ragione RM (2023) . Veterinary Microbiology, 284, 109819-109819.
  • Southam HM, Williamson MP, Chapman JA, Lyon RL, Trevitt CR, Henderson PJF & Poole RK (2021) . Antioxidants, 10(6).
  • Borisov VB, Siletsky SA, Paiardini A, Hoogewijs D, Forte E, Giuffrè A & Poole RK (2021) . Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 34(16), 1280-1318.
  • Hopper CP, De La Cruz LK, Lyles KV, Wareham LK, Gilbert JA, Eichenbaum Z, Magierowski M, Poole RK, Wollborn J & Wang B (2020) . Chemical Reviews, 120(24), 13273-13311.
  • Betts JW, Roth P, Pattrick CA, Southam HM, La Ragione RM, Poole RK & Schatzschneider U (2020) . Metallomics, 12(10), 1563-1575.
  • Raghavendran V, Webb JP, Cartron ML, Springthorpe V, Larson TR, Hines M, Mohammed H, Zimmerman WB, Poole RK & Green J (2020) . Biotechnology for Biofuels, 13(1).
  • Kalnenieks U, Balodite E, Strähler S, Strazdina I, Rex J, Pentjuss A, Fuchino K, Bruheim P, Rutkis R, Pappas KM , Poole RK et al (2019) . Frontiers in Microbiology, 10.
  • Poole RK, Cozens AG & Shepherd M (2019) . Research in Microbiology, 170(8), 407-416.
  • Smitten KL, Southam HM, de la Serna JB, Gill MR, Jarman PJ, Smythe CGW, Poole RK & Thomas JA (2019) . ACS Nano, 13(5), 5133-5146.
  • Lloyd D, Murray DB, Aon MA, Cortassa S, Roussel MR, Beckmann M & Poole RK (2019) . Journal of Biomedical Optics, 24(05).
  • Wareham LK, Southam HM & Poole RK (2018) . Biochemical Society transactions.
  • Southam HM, Smith TW, Lyon RL, Liao C, Trevitt CR, Middlemiss LA, Cox FL, Chapman JA, El-Khamisy SF, Hippler M , Williamson MP et al (2018) . Redox Biology, 18, 114-123.
  • Liu X, Sun B, Kell REM, Southam HM, Butler JA, Li X, Poole RK, Keene FR & Collins JG (2018) . ChemPlusChem, 83(7), 643-650.
  • Sun B, Southam HM, Butler JA, Poole RK, Burgun A, Tarzia A, Keene FR & Collins JG (2018) . Dalton Transactions, 47(7), 2422-2434.
  • Coppola D, Giordano D, Milazzo L, Howes BD, Ascenzi P, di Prisco G, Smulevich G, Poole RK & Verde C (2018) . Nitric Oxide, 73, 39-51.
  • Guccione EJ, Kendall JJ, Hitchcock A, Garg N, White MA, Mulholland F, Poole RK & Kelly DJ (2017) . Environmental Microbiology, 19(10), 4326-4348.
  • Rana N, Jesse HE, Tinajero-Trejo M, Butler JA, Tarlit JD, von Und Zur Muhlen ML, Nagel C, Schatzschneider U & Poole RK (2017) . Microbiology.
  • Wareham LK, McLean S, Begg R, Rana N, Ali S, Kendall JJ, Sanguinetti G, Mann BE & Poole RK (2017) . Antioxidants & Redox Signaling.
  • Corbett D, Goldrick M, Fernandes VE, Davidge K, Poole RK, Andrew PW, Cavet J & Roberts IS (2017) . Infection and Immunity, 85(11).
  • Southam HM, Butler JA, Chapman JA & Poole RK (2017) . Advances in Microbial Physiology.
  • Poole RK (2017) . Advances in microbial physiology, 70, XI-XII.
  • Shepherd M, Achard MES, Idris A, Totsika M, Phan M-D, Peters KM, Sarkar S, Ribeiro CA, Holyoake LV, Ladakis D , Ulett GC et al (2016) . Scientific Reports, 6, 35285-35285.
  • Forte E, Borisov VB, Falabella M, Colaço HG, Tinajero-Trejo M, Poole RK, Vicente JB, Sarti P & Giuffrè A (2016) . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics, 1857, e13-e14.
  • Forte E, Borisov VB, Falabella M, Colaço HG, Tinajero-Trejo M, Poole RK, Vicente JB, Sarti P & Giuffrè A (2016) . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics, 1857, e85-e86.
  • Wareham LK, Begg R, Jesse HE, Van Beilen JWA, Ali S, Svistunenko D, McLean S, Hellingwerf KJ, Sanguinetti G & Poole RK (2016) . Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 24(17), 1013-1028.
  • Wang J, Vine CE, Balasiny BK, Rizk J, Bradley CL, Tinajero-Trejo M, Poole RK, Bergaust LL, Bakken LR & Cole JA (2016) . Molecular Microbiology, 100(5), 877-892.
  • Tinajero-Trejo M, Rana N, Nagel C, Jesse HE, Smith TW, Wareham LK, Hippler M, Schatzschneider U & Poole RK (2016) . Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 24(14), 765-780.
  • Siletsky SA, Rappaport F, Poole RK & Borisov VB (2016) . PLOS ONE, 11(5), e0155186-e0155186.
  • Cook GM & Poole RK (2016) . Science, 352(6285), 518-519.
  • Forte E, Borisov VB, Falabella M, Colaço HG, Tinajero-Trejo M, Poole RK, Vicente JB, Sarti P & Giuffrè A (2016) . Scientific Reports, 6.
  • Holyoake LV, Hunt S, Sanguinetti G, Cook GM, Howard MJ, Rowe ML, Poole RK & Shepherd M (2016) . Biochemical Journal, 473(6), 693-701.
  • Wilson JL, McLean S, Begg R, Sanguinetti G & Poole RK (2015) . Genomics Data, 5, 231-234.
  • Wareham LK, Poole RK & Tinajero-Trejo M (2015) . Journal of Biological Chemistry, 290(31), 18999-19007.
  • Denby KJ, Rolfe MD, Crick E, Sanguinetti G, Poole RK & Green J (2015) . Environmental Microbiology, 17(7), 2477-2491.
  • Wilson JL, Wareham LK, McLean S, Begg R, Greaves S, Mann BE, Sanguinetti G & Poole RK (2015) . Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 23(2), 148-162.
  • Holyoake LV, Poole RK & Shepherd M (2015) , 1-53.
  • Tinajero-Trejo M, Denby KJ, Sedelnikova SE, Hassoubah SA, Mann BE & Poole RK (2014) . Journal of Biological Chemistry, 289(43), 29471-29482.
  • Yamashita M, Shepherd M, Booth WI, Xie H, Postis V, Nyathi Y, Tzokov SB, Poole RK, Baldwin SA & Bullough PA (2014) . J Biol Chem, 289(33), 23177-23188.
  • Rana N, McLean S, Mann BE & Poole RK (2014) . Microbiology, 160(12), 2771-2779.
  • Borisov VB, Siletsky SA, Zaspa AA & Poole RK (2014) . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics, 1837, e96-e96.
  • Balodite E, Strazdina I, Galinina N, McLean S, Rutkis R, Poole RK & Kalnenieks U (2014) . Microbiology, 160(Pt 9), 2045-2052.
  • Nagel C, McLean S, Poole RK, Braunschweig H, Kramer T & Schatzschneider U (2014) . DALTON TRANSACTIONS, 43(26), 9986-9997.
  • Ederer M, Steinsiek S, Stagge S, Rolfe MD, Ter Beek A, Knies D, Teixeira de Mattos MJ, Sauter T, Green J, Poole RK , Bettenbrock K et al (2014) . Front Microbiol, 5, 124.
  • Siletsky SA, Zaspa AA, Poole RK & Borisov VB (2014) . PLoS One, 9(4), e95617.
  • Bettenbrock K, Bai H, Ederer M, Green J, Hellingwerf KJ, Holcombe M, Kunz S, Rolfe MD, Sanguinetti G, Sawodny O , Sharma P et al (2014) . Adv Microb Physiol, 64, 65-114.
  • Bai H, Rolfe MD, Jia W, Coakley S, Poole RK, Green J & Holcombe M (2014) . PLoS Comput Biol, 10(4), e1003595.
  • Tinajero-Trejo M, Jesse HE & Poole RK (2013) . F1000Prime Rep, 5, 28.
  • Tinajero-Trejo M, Vreugdenhil A, Sedelnikova SE, Davidge KS & Poole RK (2013) . Nitric Oxide, 34, 65-75.
  • Jesse HE, Nye TL, McLean S, Green J, Mann BE & Poole RK (2013) . Biochim Biophys Acta, 1834(9), 1693-1703.
  • Vinogradov SN, Tinajero-Trejo M, Poole RK & Hoogewijs D (2013) . Biochim Biophys Acta, 1834(9), 1789-1800.
  • McLean S, Begg R, Jesse HE, Mann BE, Sanguinetti G & Poole RK (2013) . Antioxid Redox Signal, 19(17), 1999-2012.
  • Coppola D, Giordano D, Tinajero-Trejo M, di Prisco G, Ascenzi P, Poole RK & Verde C (2013) . Biochim Biophys Acta, 1834(9), 1923-1931.
  • Vinogradov SN, Bailly X, Smith DR, Tinajero-Trejo M, Poole RK & Hoogewijs D (2013) , 63, 391-446.
  • Wilson JL, Jesse HE, Hughes B, Lund V, Naylor K, Davidge KS, Cook GM, Mann BE & Poole RK (2013) . Antioxid Redox Signal, 19(5), 497-509.
  • Avila-Ramirez C, Tinajero-Trejo M, Davidge KS, Monk CE, Kelly DJ & Poole RK (2013) . Antioxid Redox Signal, 18(4), 424-431.
  • Laver JR, McLean S, Bowman LAH, Harrison LJ, Read RC & Poole RK (2013) . Antioxid Redox Signal, 18(3), 309-322.
  • Wilson JL, Jesse HE, Poole RK & Davidge KS (2012) . Curr Pharm Biotechnol, 13(6), 760-768.
  • Rolfe MD, Ocone A, Stapleton MR, Hall S, Trotter EW, Poole RK, Sanguinetti G, Green J & SysMO-SUMO Consortium (2012) . Open Biol, 2(7), 120091.
  • McLean S, Mann BE & Poole RK (2012) . Anal Biochem, 427(1), 36-40.
  • Strazdina I, Kravale Z, Galinina N, Rutkis R, Poole RK & Kalnenieks U (2012) Electron transport and oxidative stress in Zymomonas mobilis respiratory mutants. Archives of Microbiology, 1-11.
  • Graham AI, Sanguinetti G, Bramall N, McLeod CW & Poole RK (2012) . Microbiology, 158(Pt 1), 284-292.
  • Trotter EW, Rolfe MD, Hounslow AM, Craven CJ, Williamson MP, Sanguinetti G, Poole RK & Green J (2011) . PLoS ONE, 6(9).
  • Smith H, Mann BE, Motterlini R & Poole RK (2011) . IUBMB Life, 63(5), 363-371.
  • Rolfe MD, Ter Beek A, Graham AI, Trotter EW, Asif HMS, Sanguinetti G, de Mattos JT, Poole RK & Green J (2011) . J Biol Chem, 286(12), 10147-10154.
  • Shepherd M, Bernhardt PV & Poole RK (2011) . Nitric Oxide - Biology and Chemistry, 25(2), 229-233.
  • Arroyo Mañez P, Lu C, Boechi L, Martí MA, Shepherd M, Wilson JL, Poole RK, Luque FJ, Yeh SR & Estrin DA (2011) . Biochemistry, 50(19), 3946-3956.
  • Bowman LAH, McLean S, Poole RK & Fukuto JM (2011) . Adv Microb Physiol, 59, 135-219.
  • Smith HK, Shepherd M, Monk C, Green J & Poole RK (2011) . Nitric Oxide, 25(2), 234-241.
  • Thomas MT, Shepherd M, Poole RK, van Vliet AHM, Kelly DJ & Pearson BM (2011) . Environ Microbiol, 13(1), 48-61.
  • McLean S, Bowman LAH & Poole RK (2010) . Microbiology, 156(Pt 12), 3556-3565.
  • McLean S, Bowman LAH, Sanguinetti G, Read RC & Poole RK (2010) . J Biol Chem, 285(27), 20724-20731.
  • Shepherd M, Barynin V, Lu C, Bernhardt PV, Wu G, Yeh S-R, Egawa T, Sedelnikova SE, Rice DW, Wilson JL & Poole RK (2010) . J Biol Chem, 285(17), 12747-12754.
  • McLean S, Bowman LAH & Poole RK (2010) . FEBS Lett, 584(8), 1628-1632.
  • Shepherd M, Sanguinetti G, Cook GM & Poole RK (2010) . J Biol Chem, 285(24), 18464-18472.
  • Svensson L, Poljakovic M, Säve S, Gilberthorpe N, Schön T, Strid S, Corker H, Poole RK & Persson K (2010) . Microbial Pathogenesis, 49(3), 59-66.
  • Laver JR, Stevanin TM, Messenger SL, Lunn AD, Lee ME, Moir JWB, Poole RK & Read RC (2010) . FASEB J, 24(1), 286-295.
  • Davidge KS, Motterlini R, Mann BE, Wilson JL & Poole RK (2009) , 56, 85-167.
  • Latimer J, Stokes SL, Graham AI, Bunch J, Jackson RJ, McLeod CW & Poole RK (2009) . J Microbiol Methods, 79(3), 329-335.
  • Graham AI, Hunt S, Stokes SL, Bramall N, Bunch J, Cox AG, McLeod CW & Poole RK (2009) . J Biol Chem, 284(27), 18377-18389.
  • Desmard M, Davidge KS, Bouvet O, Morin D, Roux D, Foresti R, Ricard JD, Denamur E, Poole RK, Montravers P , Motterlini R et al (2009) . FASEB J, 23(4), 1023-1031.
  • Davidge KS, Sanguinetti G, Yee CH, Cox AG, McLeod CW, Monk CE, Mann BE, Motterlini R & Poole RK (2009) . J Biol Chem, 284(7), 4516-4524.
  • Mason MG, Shepherd M, Nicholls P, Dobbin PS, Dodsworth KS, Poole RK & Cooper CE (2009) . NAT CHEM BIOL, 5(2), 94-96.
  • Desmard M, Davidge K, Bouvet O, Morin D, Roux D, Ricard JD, Foresti R, Denamur E, Poole RK, Montravers P , Motterlini R et al (2009) A Carbon Monoxide-Releasing Molecule (CORM-3) Exerts Bactericidal Activity Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE, 179.
  • Jackson RJ, Binet MRB, Lee LJ, Ma R, Graham AI, McLeod CW & Poole RK (2008) . FEMS Microbiol Lett, 289(2), 219-224.
  • Monk CE, Pearson BM, Mulholland F, Smith HK & Poole RK (2008) . J Biol Chem, 283(42), 28413-28425.
  • Gilberthorpe NJ & Poole RK (2008) . J Biol Chem, 283(17), 11146-11154.
  • Partridge JD, Browning DF, Xu M, Newnham LJ, Scott C, Roberts RE, Poole RK & Green J (2008) . Microbiology, 154(Pt 2), 608-618.
  • Kalnenieks U, Galinina N, Strazdina I, Kravale Z, Pickford JL, Rutkis R & Poole RK (2008) . Microbiology, 154(3), 989-994.
  • Lu C, Egawa T, Mukai M, Poole RK & Yeh SR (2008) , 437, 255-286.
  • Gruia F, Kubo M, Ye X, Ionascu D, Lu C, Poole RK, Yeh SR & Champion PM (2008) . Journal of the American Chemical Society, 130(15), 5231-5244.
  • Pullan ST, Monk CE, Lee L & Poole RK (2008) . Methods Enzymol, 437, 499-519.
  • Pickford JL, Wainwright L, Wu G & Poole RK (2008) . Methods Enzymol, 436, 289-302.
  • Lewis MES, Corker HA, Gollan B & Poole RK (2008) . Methods Enzymol, 436, 169-186.
  • Stevanin TM, Read RC & Poole RK (2007) . Gene, 398(1-2), 62-68.
  • Stevanin TM, Laver JR, Poole RK, Moir JWB & Read RC (2007) . Microbes Infect, 9(8), 981-987.
  • Gilberthorpe NJ, Lee ME, Stevanin TM, Read RC & Poole RK (2007) . Microbiology, 153(Pt 6), 1756-1771.
  • Shepherd M, Heath MD & Poole RK (2007) . Biochemistry, 46(17), 5030-5037.
  • Partridge JD, Poole RK & Green J (2007) . Microbiology, 153(Pt 5), 1499-1509.
  • Partridge JD, Sanguinetti G, Dibden DP, Roberts RE, Poole RK & Green J (2007) . J Biol Chem, 282(15), 11230-11237.
  • Pullan ST, Gidley MD, Jones RA, Barrett J, Stevanin TM, Read RC, Green J & Poole RK (2007) . J Bacteriol, 189(5), 1845-1855.
  • Jackson RJ, Elvers KT, Lee LJ, Gidley MD, Wainwright LM, Lightfoot J, Park SF & Poole RK (2007) . J Bacteriol, 189(5), 1604-1615.
  • Lu C, Egawa T, Wainwright LM, Poole RK & Yeh SR (2007) . Journal of Biological Chemistry, 282(18), 13627-13636.
  • Hernández-Urzúa E, Zamorano-Sánchez DS, Ponce-Coria J, Morett E, Grogan S, Poole RK & Membrillo-Hernández J (2007) . Archives of Microbiology, 187(1), 67-77.
  • Lu C, Mukai M, Lin Y, Wu G, Poole RK & Yeh SR (2007) . Journal of Biological Chemistry, 282(35), 25917-25928.
  • Pittman MS, Elvers KT, Lee L, Jones MA, Poole RK, Park SF & Kelly DJ (2007) . Mol Microbiol, 63(2), 575-590.
  • Partridge JD, Scott C, Tang Y, Poole RK & Green J (2006) . J Biol Chem, 281(38), 27806-27815.
  • Wainwright LM, Wang Y, Park SF, Yeh S-R & Poole RK (2006) . Biochemistry, 45(19), 6003-6011.
  • Kalnenieks U, Galinina N, Toma MM, Pickford JL, Rutkis R & Poole RK (2006) . FEBS Letters, 580(21), 5084-5088.
  • Wainwright LM, Elvers KT, Park SF & Poole RK (2005) . Microbiology, 151(Pt 12), 4079-4091.
  • Pittman MS, Robinson HC & Poole RK (2005) . J Biol Chem, 280(37), 32254-32261.
  • Flatley J, Barrett J, Pullan ST, Hughes MN, Green J & Poole RK (2005) . J Biol Chem, 280(11), 10065-10072.
  • Lee LJ, Barrett JA & Poole RK (2005) . J Bacteriol, 187(3), 1124-1134.
  • Poole RK (2005) . Biochem Soc Trans, 33(Pt 1), 176-180.
  • Elvers KT, Turner SM, Wainwright LM, Marsden G, Hinds J, Cole JA, Poole RK, Penn CW & Park SF (2005) . Molecular Microbiology, 57(3), 735-750.
  • Boccara M, Mills CE, Zeier J, Anzi C, Lamb C, Poole RK & Delledonne M (2005) . Plant Journal, 43(2), 226-237.
  • Wu G, Corker H, Orii Y & Poole RK (2004) . Arch Microbiol, 182(2-3), 193-203.
  • Cruz-Ramos H, Cook GM, Wu G, Cleeter MW & Poole RK (2004) . Microbiology, 150(Pt 10), 3415-3427.
  • Forte E, Borisov VB, Konstantinov AA, Poole RK, Sarti P & Giuffre A (2004) The bacterial terminal cytochrome bd oxidase and nitric oxide. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, 139(1), 145-146.
  • Ma R, McLeod CW, Tomlinson K & Poole RK (2004) . Electrophoresis, 25(15), 2469-2477.
  • Borisov VB, Forte E, Konstantinov AA, Poole RK, Sarti P & Giuffrè A (2004) . FEBS Letters, 576(1-2), 201-204.
  • Elvers KT, Wu G, Gilberthorpe NJ, Poole RK & Park SF (2004) . Journal of Bacteriology, 186(16), 5332-5341.
  • Corker H & Poole RK (2003) . J Biol Chem, 278(34), 31584-31592.
  • McHugh JP, Rodriguez-Quinones F, Abdul-Tehrani H, Svistunenko DA, Poole RK, Cooper CE & Andrews SC (2003) . J BIOL CHEM, 278(32), 29478-29486.
  • Binet MRB, Ma R, McLeod CW & Poole RK (2003) . Anal Biochem, 318(1), 30-38.
  • Savvaidis I, Hughes MN & Poole RK (2003) . World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 19(2), 117-121.
  • Hernández-Urzúa E, Mills CE, White GP, Contreras-Zentella ML, Escamilla E, Vasudevan SG, Membrillo-Hernández J & Poole RK (2003) . Journal of Biological Chemistry, 278(37), 34975-34982.
  • Kalnenieks U, Toma MM, Galinina N & Poole RK (2003) . Microbiology, 149(7), 1739-1744.
  • Savvaidis I, Hughes MN & Poole RK (2003) . Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology, 84(2), 99-107.
  • Wu G, Wainwright LM & Poole RK (2003) . Adv Microb Physiol, 47, 255-310.
  • Pittman MS, Corker H, Wu G, Binet MB, Moir AJG & Poole RK (2002) . J Biol Chem, 277(51), 49841-49849.
  • Cook GM, Cruz-Ramos H, Moir AJG & Poole RK (2002) . Arch Microbiol, 178(5), 358-369.
  • Stevanin TM, Poole RK, Demoncheaux EAG & Read RC (2002) . Infect Immun, 70(8), 4399-4405.
  • Binet MRB, Cruz-Ramos H, Laver J, Hughes MN & Poole RK (2002) . FEMS Microbiol Lett, 213(1), 121-126.
  • Cruz-Ramos H, Crack J, Wu G, Hughes MN, Scott C, Thomson AJ, Green J & Poole RK (2002) . EMBO J, 21(13), 3235-3244.
  • Yeh SR, Mukai M, Savard PY, Ouellet Y, Guertin M, Mills CE & Poole RK (2001) Structure and function relationships in bacterial hemoglobins. JOURNAL OF INORGANIC BIOCHEMISTRY, 86(1), 487-487.
  • Borisov VB, Sedelnikova SE, Poole RK & Konstantinov AA (2001) . J Biol Chem, 276(25), 22095-22099.
  • Cross R, Lloyd D, Poole RK & Moir JW (2001) . J Bacteriol, 183(10), 3050-3054.
  • del Arenal IP, Flores AG, Poole RK & Escamilla JE (2001) . MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL PARASITOLOGY, 114(1), 103-109.
  • Rogers NJ, Carson KC, Glenn AR, Dilworth MJ, Hughes MN & Poole RK (2001) . BIOMETALS, 14(1), 59-66.
  • MILLS CE, SEDELNIKOVA S, SØBALLE B, HUGHES MN & POOLE RK (2001) . Biochemical Journal, 353(2), 207-213.
  • Mills CE, Sedelnikova S, Søballe B, Hughes MN & Poole RK (2001) . Biochem J, 353(Pt 2), 207-213.
  • Wu G, Moir AJ, Sawers G, Hill S & Poole RK (2001) . FEMS Microbiol Lett, 194(2), 215-220.
  • Wu G, Moir AJG, Sawers G, Hill S & Poole RK (2001) . FEMS Microbiology Letters, 194(2), 215-220.
  • Mukai M, Mills CE, Poole RK & Yeh SR (2001) Resonance Raman studies of the catalytic site of flavohemoglobin. BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 80(1), 290A-290A.
  • Mukai M, Mills CE, Poole RK & Yeh SR (2001) . Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276(10), 7272-7277.
  • Stevanin TM, Ioannidis N, Mills CE, Kim SO, Hughes MN & Poole RK (2000) . J Biol Chem, 275(46), 35868-35875.
  • Binet MR & Poole RK (2000) . FEBS Lett, 473(1), 67-70.
  • Poole RK & Hughes MN (2000) . Mol Microbiol, 36(4), 775-783.
  • Søballe B & Poole RK (2000) . Microbiology, 146 ( Pt 4), 787-796.
  • Edwards SE, Loder CS, Wu G, Corker H, Bainbridge BW, Hill S & Poole RK (2000) . FEMS Microbiol Lett, 185(1), 71-77.
  • Cross R, Aish J, Paston SJ, Poole RK & Moir JW (2000) . J Bacteriol, 182(5), 1442-1447.
  • Wu G, Cruz-Ramos H, Hill S, Green J, Sawers G & Poole RK (2000) . J Biol Chem, 275(7), 4679-4686.
  • Cook GM & Poole RK (2000) . Microbiology, 146 ( Pt 2), 527-536.
  • Beard SJ, Hashim R, Wu G, Binet MRB, Hughes MN & Poole RK (2000) . FEMS Microbiology Letters, 184(2), 231-235.
  • Lindqvist A, Membrillo-Hernández J, Poole RK & Cook GM (2000) . Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology, 78(1), 23-31.
  • Kalnenieks U, Galinina N, Toma MM & Poole RK (2000) . Microbiology, 146(6), 1259-1266.
  • Poole RK & Cook GM (2000) . Adv Microb Physiol, 43, 165-224.
  • Søballe B & Poole RK (1999) . Microbiology, 145 ( Pt 8), 1817-1830.
  • Kim SO, Orii Y, Lloyd D, Hughes MN & Poole RK (1999) . FEBS Lett, 445(2-3), 389-394.
  • Membrillo-Hernández J, Coopamah MD, Anjum MF, Stevanin TM, Kelly A, Hughes MN & Poole RK (1999) . J Biol Chem, 274(2), 748-754.
  • Contreras ML, Escamilla JE, Del Arenal IP, Dávila JR, D'mello R & Poole RK (1999) . Microbiology, 145(7), 1563-1573.
  • Poole RK (1999) Bacterial response to pH. Introduction.. Novartis Found Symp, 221, 1-3.
  • Clements MO, Watson SP, Poole RK & Foster SJ (1999) . J Bacteriol, 181(2), 501-507.
  • Cook GM, Loder C, Søballe B, Stafford GP, Membrillo-Hernández J & Poole RK (1998) . Microbiology, 144 ( Pt 12), 3297-3308.
  • Anjum MF, Ioannidis N & Poole RK (1998) . FEMS Microbiol Lett, 166(2), 219-223.
  • Membrillo-Hernández J, Coopamah MD, Channa A, Hughes MN & Poole RK (1998) . Mol Microbiol, 29(4), 1101-1112.
  • Eaves D, Grove J, Staudenmann W, James P, Poole R, White S, Griffiths L & Cole J (1998) . Biochemical Society Transactions, 26(3), S216-S216.
  • Søballe B & Poole RK (1998) . Microbiology, 144(2), 361-373.
  • Macinga DR, Cook GM, Poole RK & Rather PN (1998) . Journal of Bacteriology, 180(1), 128-135.
  • Kavanagh EP, Callis JB, Edwards SE, Poole RK & Hill S (1998) . Microbiology, 144(8), 2271-2280.
  • Eaves DJ, Grove J, Staudenmann W, James P, Poole RK, White SA, Griffiths I & Cole JA (1998) . Molecular Microbiology, 28(1), 205-216.
  • Kalnenieks U, Galinina N, Bringer-Meyer S & Poole RK (1998) . FEMS Microbiology Letters, 168(1), 91-97.
  • MACHEROUX P, HILL S, AUSTIN S, EYDMANN T, JONES T, KIM S-O, POOLE R & DIXON R (1998) . Biochemical Journal, 332(2), 413-419.
  • Membrillo-Hernández J & Poole RK (1997) . FEMS Microbiol Lett, 155(2), 179-184.
  • Cook GM, Membrillo-Hernández J & Poole RK (1997) . J Bacteriol, 179(20), 6525-6530.
  • Søballe B & Poole RK (1997) . FEBS Lett, 414(2), 373-376.
  • Wu G, Hill S, Kelly MJ, Sawers G & Poole RK (1997) . Microbiology, 143 ( Pt 7), 2197-2207.
  • Poole RK & Hill S (1997) . Biosci Rep, 17(3), 303-317.
  • Membrillo-Hernandez J, Cook GM & Poole RK (1997) . Mol Gen Genet, 254(5), 599-603.
  • Poole RK, Rogers NJ, D'mello RA, Hughes MN & Orii Y (1997) . Microbiology, 143 ( Pt 5), 1557-1565.
  • Membrillo-Hernández J, Kim SO, Cook GM & Poole RK (1997) . J Bacteriol, 179(10), 3164-3170.
  • Beard SJ, Hashim R, Membrillo-Hernández J, Hughes MN & Poole RK (1997) . Molecular Microbiology, 25(5), 883-891.
  • D'Mello R, Purchase D, Poole RK & Hill S (1997) . Microbiology, 143(1), 231-237.
  • Beveridge TJ, Hughes MN, Lee H, Leung KT, Poole RK, Savvaidis I, Silver S & Trevors JT (1997) Metal-microbe interactions: Contemporary approaches. Advances in Microbial Physiology, 38, 231-243.
  • Beveridge TJ, Hughes MN, Lee H, Leung KT, Poole RK, Savvaidis I, Silver S & Trevors JT (1997) Metal-microbe interactions: Contemporary approaches. ADV MICROB PHYSIOL, 38, 177-243.
  • Wu G, Delgado MJ, Vargas C, Davies AE, Poole RK & Downie JA (1996) . Microbiology, 142(12), 3381-3388.
  • Poole RK, Anjum MF, Membrillo-Hernández J, Kim SO, Hughes MN & Stewart V (1996) . Journal of Bacteriology, 178(18), 5487-5492.
  • Downs DM & Poole RK () . Molecular Microbiology.
  • Shepherd M, Giordano D, Verde C & Poole RK () . Antioxidants, 11(7), 1222-1222.
  • Lyon RF, Southam HM, Trevitt C, Liao C, El-Khamisy S, Poole RK & Williamson MP () . Biochemical Journal.
  • Poole RK () . F1000Research, 9, 7-7.
  • Sun B, Sundaraneedi MK, Southam HM, Poole RK, Musgrave IF, Keene FR & Collins JG () . Dalton Transactions, 48(38), 14505-14515.
  • Güntzel P, Nagel C, Weigelt J, Betts JW, Pattrick CA, Southam HM, La Ragione RM, Poole RK & Schatzschneider U () . Metallomics, 11(12), 2033-2042.
  • Betts J, Nagel C, Schatzschneider U, Poole R & La Ragione RM () . PLOS ONE, 12(10), e0186359-e0186359.
  • Boron I, Bustamante JP, Davidge KS, Singh S, Bowman LAH, Tinajero-Trejo M, Carballal S, Radi R, Poole RK, Dikshit K , Estrin DA et al () . F1000Research, 4, 22-22.
  • Poole RK () . F1000Research, 4, 5-5.
  • Boron I, Bustamante JP, Davidge KS, Singh S, Bowman LAH, Tinajero-Trejo M, Carballal S, Radi R, Poole RK, Dikshit K , Estrin DA et al () . F1000Research, 4, 22-22.
  • Holcombe M, Adra S, Bicak M, Chin S, Coakley S, Graham AI, Green J, Greenough C, Jackson D, Kiran M , MacNeil S et al () . Integr. Biol., 4(1), 53-64.

Book chapters

  • Poole RK & Kelly DJ (2025) , Advances in Microbial Physiology (pp. xiii-xiii). Elsevier
  • Poole RK & Kelly DJ (2024) , Advances in Microbial Physiology (pp. xiii-xiii). Elsevier
  • Poole RK & Kelly DJ (2024) , Advances in Microbial Physiology (pp. xi-xi). Elsevier
  • Poole RK & Kelly DJ (2024) , ADVANCES IN MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY, VOL. 84 (pp. XIII-XIII).
  • Poole RK & Kelly DJ (2023) , Advances in Microbial Physiology (pp. xiii-xiii). Elsevier
  • Poole RK & Kelly DJ (2021) Advances in Microbial Physiology Preface, ADVANCES IN MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY, VOL 78 (pp. XI-XI).
  • Poole RK (2019) Advances in Microbial Physiology PREFACE, ADVANCES IN MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY, VOL 74 (pp. XIII-XIII).
  • Poole RK & Shepherd M (2018) , Encyclopedia of Biophysics (pp. 1-6). Springer Berlin Heidelberg
  • Shepherd M & Poole RK (2018) , Encyclopedia of Biophysics (pp. 1-7). Springer Berlin Heidelberg
  • Poole RK (2016) , Advances in Bacterial Electron Transport Systems and Their Regulation (pp. xiii-xiii). Elsevier
  • Kelly DJ, Hughes NJ & Poole RK (2014) , Helicobacter Pylori Physiology and Genetics (pp. 113-124).
  • Poole RK & Shepherd M (2013) , Encyclopedia of Biophysics (pp. 156-160). Springer Berlin Heidelberg
  • Shepherd M & Poole RK (2013) , Encyclopedia of Biophysics (pp. 172-177). Springer Berlin Heidelberg
  • (2013) , Encyclopedia of Biophysics (pp. 149-149). Springer Berlin Heidelberg
  • Poole RK (2008) , Methods in Enzymology (pp. xxiii-xxiv). Elsevier
  • Poole RK (2008) , Globins and Other Nitric Oxide-Reactive Proteins, Part B (pp. xxvii-xxviii). Elsevier
  • Poole RK (2008) , Dioxygen Binding and Sensing Proteins (pp. 241-257). Springer Milan
  • Dixon R, Austin S, Eydmann T, Hill S, Kim S-O, Macheroux P, Poole R, Reyes F, Sobzcyk A & Soderback E (1998) , Biological Nitrogen Fixation for the 21st Century (pp. 87-92). Springer Netherlands
  • Poole RK () , Novartis Foundation Symposium 221 - Bacterial Responses to pH (pp. 251-255). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Kelly DJ, Hughes NJ & Poole RK () , Helicobacter pylori (pp. 111-124). ASM Press

Conference proceedings

  • Forte E, Borisov VB, Falabella M, Colaço HG, Tinajero-Trejo M, Poole RK, Vicente JB, Sarti P & Giuffrè A (2018) . Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Vol. 120 (pp S163-S164)
  • Forte E, Borisov VB, Falabella M, Colaço HG, Tinajero-Trejo M, Poole RK, Vicente JB, Sarti P & Giuffrè A (2016) . Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Vol. 96 (pp S43-S44)
  • Tinajero-Trejo M & Poole R (2012) . Nitric Oxide, Vol. 27 (pp S44-S45)
  • Poole RK, Trejo MT, Ramirez CA, Bowman L, Davidge K, Denby K & McLean S (2012) . NITRIC OXIDE-BIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY, Vol. 27 (pp S10-S10)
  • Smith HK, Shepherd M & Poole RK (2010) . NITRIC OXIDE-BIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY, Vol. 22 (pp S78-S78)
  • Poole RK (2010) . NITRIC OXIDE-BIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY, Vol. 22 (pp S22-S22)
  • Poole RK, Lewis M, Theen SP, Hughes B & Scholes J (2010) . NITRIC OXIDE-BIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY, Vol. 22 (pp S77-S77)
  • Bowman LAH, McLean S & Poole RK (2010) . NITRIC OXIDE-BIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY, Vol. 22 (pp S91-S91)
  • McLean S, Bowman LAH & Poole RK (2010) . NITRIC OXIDE-BIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY, Vol. 22 (pp S78-S78)
  • Davidge KS, Wilson JL, Sanguinetti G, Motterlini R, Mann B, Cox A & Poole R (2010) . NITRIC OXIDE-BIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY, Vol. 22 (pp S93-S93)
  • Yeh S-R, Lu C, Egawa T, Lin Y, Mukai M, Wu G, Shepherd M & Poole RK (2009) . Biophysical Journal, Vol. 96(3) (pp 557a-557a)
  • Lu C, Lin Y, Poole RK & Yeh S-R (2007) Ligand binding properties of hemoglobin cgb from the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter Jejuni. BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL (pp 382A-382A)
  • Poole RK, Barrett JA, Hazel AC, Elvers KT, Flatley JE, Grogan S, Park SF & Wu GH (2004) Nitric oxide-responsive and detoxifying mechanisms in bacteria. NITRIC OXIDE-BIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY, Vol. 11(1) (pp 37-37)
  • Cruz-Ramos H, Wu GH, Coopamah MD, Hughes MN & Poole RK (2000) Nitric oxide is an effector in bacterial gene expression mediated by FNR and FNR-like proteins. BIOLOGY OF NITRIC OXIDE, PT 7, Vol. 16 (pp 158-158)
  • Poole RK (1999) Bacterial responses to pH - Summary. BACTERIAL RESPONSE TO PH, Vol. 221 (pp 251-255)
  • Poole RK (1999) Symposium on Bacterial responses to pH, held at the Novartis Foundation, London 1-4 June 1998 - Introduction. BACTERIAL RESPONSE TO PH, Vol. 221 (pp 1-3)